THE PROPAGANDA MODEL

Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

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Historical Materialism
base/superstructure

Alleges systemic biases in the mass media

structural economic causes
BASE of society is seen as determining everything else in the SUPERSTRUCTURE, including social, political and intellectual consciousness.

Views the media as businesses selling a product — readers and audiences (rather than news) — to other businesses (advertisers).